Wednesday, August 20, 2014

The daughters of Job

When Job was restored to health and the possessions he had before his tribulations were doubled, he also had seven sons and three daughters, the same number of children as were killed. 

Some versions of the text say that he came to have fourteen sons, presumably to be consistent with the doubling of his fortune. But he still only had three daughters, perhaps reflecting the ancient sentiment that having many sons is a blessing but many daughters not.

Nevertheless the text of Job names the daughters and not the sons. In the Hebrew the names given to the new daughters are Jemimah, Qeziah, and Qeren-happukh. "Jemimah" is translated as "day" in the Septuagint, while "Qeziah" is "cassia", which is cinnamomum iners. "Qeren-happukh", which means "horn of antimony", appears as Ἀμαλθαίας κέρας, "horn of Amalthaia" in the Septuagint. 

In his commentary Stepanos simply notes that the horn of Amalthaia refers to abundant fruitfulness. Olympiodorus, whom Stepanos often follows, has a lot more to say about it and the proper attitude toward mythological references in the Bible:



For what reason I cannot say, but the Greeks fabricated myths and said that Amalthaia became a goat, and that wine, honey, milk and whatever one wished for flowed from the goat’s horn. But I more convincingly construe the myth to be based on some truth. For I say that the goat called Amalthaia dug up the earth with its horn and revealed a hidden treasure, and the goatherd immediately emerged out of poverty, and in this way the name ‘horn of Amaltheia’ came to be applied to any manifestation of happiness in the eyes of men.

One can also refashion countless other myths of the Greeks to make them more convincing, but there is not enough time for those who care about the truth to devote their minds to these matters. We know only that from ancient times the horn of Amaltheia was understood to be a reference to the abundance of goods, so that if the scripture mentions sirens and the hollow of Titans, and notable giants of old, even though the Greeks tell some mythic tales about these, we should not reject the words of the holy scripture, but we should leave behind with them the myths, fictions, and old wives’ tales (cf. 1 Timothy 4:7) and we should lay claim everywhere and from all sides to the truth proceeding from the divinely-inspired and soul-assisting scripture. [Olympiodorus, Commentary on Job 393.4-394.7]

William Blake, Job and his daughters, Morgan Library (PD-old-100)

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